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1 эффект быстрого охлаждения перегретой стенки
Engineering: wall quenching effect, wall-quenching effectУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > эффект быстрого охлаждения перегретой стенки
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2 эффект быстрого охлаждения перегретой стенки
эффект быстрого охлаждения перегретой стенки
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[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
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Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > эффект быстрого охлаждения перегретой стенки
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3 влияние закалки
Metallurgy: quenching effect -
4 действие закалки
Metallurgy: quenching effect -
5 шоковое воздействие
Chemistry: quenching effect (на материал)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > шоковое воздействие
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6 охлаждение
1) General subject: alienation (чувств), alienation of affections (чувств), conceive an affection, cooling, coolness (в отношениях), quenching, refrigeration, (особ. вин и т.д.) icing2) Aviation: allowing to cool3) Medicine: exposure to cold4) Military: freezing5) Engineering: chilling effect (почвы или приземного слоя воздуха), cooldown, cooling action, cooling down, quenching (закалка), refrigerating (с использованием хладотехники), refrigeration (с использованием хладотехники)6) Agriculture: temperature fasting7) Construction: (искусственное) refrigerating8) Railway term: condensation, cooling spray9) Law: cool-off11) Diplomatic term: cooldown (отношений)12) Oil: cooling-off, refrigerating13) Food industry: postchill14) Mechanics: cool-down, cooling-down15) Coolers: chilling procedure, cooling procedure16) Makarov: chilling effect (почвы или приземного слоя воздухе), refrigerating (искусственное), refrigeration (искусственное) -
7 гасильний
extinguishing, quenchingгасильний імпульс — black-out pulse, blanch pulse
гасильний лазер — quencher [quenching] laser
гасильний опір — damping resistance, dropping resistor, reducing resistance
гасильний резистор — absorbing resistor, damping resistor, quenching resistor, voltage-dropping resistor
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8 глушение
1) General subject: damping2) Biology: smothering, smothering (культуры сорняками)3) Aviation: drownout4) Engineering: blackout (радиопередачи), muffling, opacification (стекла)5) Agriculture: smothering (культурных растений сорняками)6) Chemistry: killing7) Railway term: amortization, choking, quenching8) Automobile industry: buffering, damping effect, silencing9) Mining: buffing (толчков вагонеток при автосцепке)10) Forestry: smothering ( за) (культур конкурирующей растительностью)11) Radio: jamming13) Silicates: opacification14) Automation: suppression15) Makarov: jamming (радиостанции), muting -
9 демпфирование
1) Naval: damping action2) Engineering: admortization, amortization, amortizement, buffering, decrement4) Railway term: vibration damping5) Automobile industry: buffer action, cushioning, dampening, damping effect, deadening6) Physics: damping7) Astronautics: anti-sloshing, shock absorption8) Ecology: attenuation9) Drilling: quenching, air cushioning10) Makarov: absorbing, absorption, antihunt, antihunt action, moderation11) Bicycle: damping (гашение колебаний, принудительное уменьшение амплитуды колебаний) -
10 охлаждение
chill, chilling, cooldown, cooling, ( почвы или приземного слоя воздуха) chilling effect* * *охлажде́ние с.1. cooling; ( с использованием хладотехники) refrigeration2. ( закалка) quenchingзамедля́ть охлажде́ние — retard the coolingадиабати́ческое охлажде́ние — adiabatic coolingва́куумное охлажде́ние — vacuum coolingвентиля́торное охлажде́ние авто — fan coolingс вентиля́торным охлажде́нием — fan-cooledводяно́е охлажде́ние — water coolingс водяны́м охлажде́нием — water-coolingохлажде́ние водяно́й руба́шкой — water-jacket coolingвозду́шное охлажде́ние — air cooingс возду́шным охлажде́нием — air-cooledвозду́шное, принуди́тельное охлажде́ние — forced air coolingохлажде́ние в пе́чи ( при термообработке) — furnace coolingдинами́ческое охлажде́ние ( двигателей) — regenerative coolingдутьево́е охлажде́ние эл. — fan coolingесте́ственное охлажде́ние — natural cooling, self-coolingжи́дкостное охлажде́ние — fluid [liquid] coolingс жи́дкостным охлажде́нием — liquid-cooledохлажде́ние излуче́нием — cooling by radiationиску́сственное охлажде́ние — artificial coolingиспари́тельное охлажде́ние — transpiration coolingкомфо́ртное охлажде́ние — comfort coolingконвекцио́нное охлажде́ние — convective [convection] coolingохлажде́ние лучеиспуска́нием — radiation coolingльдосоляно́е охлажде́ние — ice-salt coolingма́сляно-водяно́е охлажде́ние — oil-water coolingма́сляное охлажде́ние — oil coolingохлажде́ние обду́вом — blast [blower] coolingплё́ночное охлажде́ние — film coolingпове́рхностное охлажде́ние — surface coolingохлажде́ние погруже́нием — immersion coolingохлажде́ние по за́мкнутому ци́клу — closed-cycle coolingпринуди́тельное охлажде́ние — forced coolingохлажде́ние противото́ком — counterflow coolingпрото́чное охлажде́ние — one-through [direct-flow] coolingохлажде́ние разбры́згиванием — spray coolingрассо́льное охлажде́ние — brine coolingрегенерати́вное охлажде́ние — regenerative coolingохлажде́ние с пе́чью ( при термообработке) — furnace coolingтермоэлектри́ческое охлажде́ние — thermoelectric coolingтранспирацио́нное охлажде́ние — transpiration coolingохлажде́ние тума́ном — mist coolingтунне́льное охлажде́ние — ducted coolingчашево́е охлажде́ние — pan coolingэффузио́нное охлажде́ние — effusion cooling -
11 выражать в численной форме
Выражать в численной форме-- The effect of oxidation on quenching behavior is most difficult to quantify.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > выражать в численной форме
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12 являться причиной
Являться причиной - to be the cause of, to be the origin of, to be a means of; to be responsible for, to account forSulfide inclusions were the origin of failure in 77 percent of the tests, while slag layers accounted for 17 percent.The additional combustion air, supplied by impacting recirculatory air jets, is a probable means of quenching ignition and enhancing smoke.It seems probable that it is the type of motion that is responsible for the change in adhesive wear rate rather than a simple temperature effect. (... причиной изменения скорости адгезионного износа был именно тип движения, а не...)Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > являться причиной
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13 Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 31 December 1888 Thizy, Rhône, Franced. 15 August 1960 Fontenoy-aux-Roses, France[br]French metallurgist, inventor of the alloys Elinvar and Platinite and of the method of strengthening nickel-chromium alloys by a precipitate ofNi3Al which provided the basis of all later super-alloy development.[br]Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Société de Physique. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.Bibliography1929, Analyse dilatométrique des matériaux, with a preface be C.E.Guillaume, Paris: Dunod (still regarded as the definitive work on this subject).The Dictionary of Scientific Biography lists around thirty of his more important publications between 1914 and 1943.Further Reading"Chevenard, a great French metallurgist", 1960, Acier Fins (Spec.) 36:92–100.L.Valluz, 1961, "Notice sur les travaux de Pierre Chevenard, 1888–1960", Paris: Institut de France, Académie des Sciences.ASDBiographical history of technology > Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
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14 Merica, Paul Dyer
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 17 March 1889 Warsaw, Indiana, USAd. 20 October 1957 Tarrytown, New York, USA[br]American physical metallurgist who elucidated the mechanism of the age-hardening of alloys.[br]Merica graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1908. Before proceeding to the University of Berlin, he spent some time teaching in Wisconsin and in China. He obtained his doctorate in Berlin in 1914, and in that year he joined the US National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Washington. During his five years there, he investigated the causes of the phenomenon of age-hardening of the important new alloy of aluminium, Duralumin.This phenomenon had been discovered not long before by Dr Alfred Wilm, a German research metallurgist. During the early years of the twentieth century, Wilm had been seeking a suitable light alloy for making cartridge cases for the Prussian government. In the autumn of 1909 he heated and quenched an aluminium alloy containing 3.5 per cent copper and 0.5 per cent magnesium and found its properties unremarkable. He happened to test it again some days later and was impressed to find its hardness and strength were much improved: Wilm had accidentally discovered age-hardening. He patented the alloy, but he made his rights over to Durener Metallwerke, who marketed it as Duralumin. This light and strong alloy was taken up by aircraft makers during the First World War, first for Zeppelins and then for other aircraft.Although age-hardened alloys found important uses, the explanation of the phenomenon eluded metallurgists until in 1919 Merica and his colleagues at the NBS gave the first rational explanation of age-hardening in light alloys. When these alloys were heated to temperatures near their melting points, the alloying constituents were taken into solution by the matrix. Quenching retained the alloying metals in supersaturated solid solution. At room temperature very small crystals of various intermetallic compounds were precipitated and, by inserting themselves in the aluminium lattice, had the effect of increasing the hardness and strength of the alloy. Merica's theory stimulated an intensive study of hardening and the mechanism that brought it about, with important consequences for the development of new alloys with special properties.In 1919 Merica joined the International Nickel Company as Director of Research, a post he held for thirty years and followed by a three-year period as President. He remained in association with the company until his death.[br]Bibliography1919, "Heat treatment and constitution of Duralumin", Sci. Papers, US Bureau of Standards, no. 37; 1932, "The age-hardening of metals", Transactions of the American Institution of Min. Metal 99:13–54 (his two most important papers).Further ReadingZ.Jeffries, 1959, "Paul Dyer Merica", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Science 33:226–39 (contains a list of Merica's publications and biographical details).LRD
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